Microbial Air Pollutant Control using Commercial UV-C Lamp for Preparing Re-opening Class Activities at Universitas Indonesia

Iman Santoso, Qonita Gina Fadhilah, Sarini Abdullah, Helmy Tamrela, Ahmad Sugiyanto

Abstract


Airborne microorganisms must be controlled, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, to prevent infectious diseases. This research was conducted to prepare a clean room and eliminate infectious pathogens. This study studied a 36-watt UV C commercial lamp to examine its effectiveness in controlling airborne microorganisms in rooms at Universitas Indonesia. The germicide effect of lamp (100 mJ/cm2) predicted by the UV-C test card could be achieved at a distance of 2 to 3 meter after exposure for 60 minutes. UV-C's effectiveness as a germicide was also tested on bacteria, yeast, and mold. No germicides were observed in A. parasiticus and C. lunata after being exposed to the UV-C light at 1 to 2 meters distance for 60 minutes. The germicides UV-C lamps were also applied in examined rooms. Active and passive sampling methods measured airborne microorganisms before and after the treatment of UV-C lamp. The lowest germicide effect of UV-C lamp was 37.66% in the collaboration laboratory, and the highest was 86.12% obtained in seminar room at Department of Biology. Many factors, such as the type of group of microorganisms, air circulation, and equipment in the room, influence the germicide effect of UV-C lamp. Based on existing microorganism populations, the examined indoor air has good quality under 1,000 CFU/m3.

Keywords


Air pollutant microorganism; commercial UV-C lamp; effectiveness of UV-C.

Full Text:

PDF

References


L. Morawska et al., "How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?," Environ. Int., vol. 142, no. 105832, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832.

M. Kchaou, K. Abuhasel, M. Khadr, F. Hosni, and M. Alquraish, "Surface disinfection to protect against microorganisms: Overview of traditional methods and issues of emergent nanotechnologies," Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 17, pp. 1–16, 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10176040.

E. T. Curran, M. Wilkinson, and T. Bradley, "Chemical disinfectants: Controversies regarding their use in low risk healthcare environments (part 1)," J. Infect. Prev., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 76–82, 2019, doi: 10.1177/1757177419828139.

D. Ghafoor, Z. Khan, A. Khan, D. Ualiyeva, and N. Zaman, "Excessive use of disinfectants against COVID-19 posing a potential threat to living beings," Curr. Res. Toxicol., vol. 2, pp. 159–168, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.008.

M. Biasin et al., "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 replication," Sci. Rep., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85425-w.

A. Guridi, E. Sevillano, I. de la Fuente, E. Mateo, E. Eraso, and G. Quindós, "Disinfectant activity of a portable ultraviolet c equipment," Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 16, no. 23, p. 4747, 2019, doi: 10.3390/ijerph16234747.

H. Shimoda, J. Matsuda, T. Iwasaki, and D. Hayasaka, "Efficacy of 265-nm ultraviolet light in inactivating infectious SARS-CoV-2," J. Photochem. Photobiol., vol. 7, no. 100050, pp. 1–3, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100050.

M. Raeiszadeh and B. Adeli, "A Critical Review on Ultraviolet Disinfection Systems against COVID-19 Outbreak: Applicability, Validation, and Safety Considerations," ACS Photonics, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2941–2951, 2020, doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01245.

M. Purschke et al., "Construction and validation of UV-C decontamination cabinets for filtering facepiece respirators," Appl. Opt., vol. 59, no. 25, p. 7585, 2020, doi: 10.1364/ao.401602.

C. McGinn et al., "Exploring the Applicability of Robot-Assisted UV Disinfection in Radiology," Front. Robot. AI, vol. 7, no. 590306, pp. 1–12, 2021, doi: 10.3389/frobt.2020.590306.

B. Ma, P. M. Gundy, C. P. Gerba, M. D. Sobsey, and K. G. Linden, "UV Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 across the UVC Spectrum: KrCl∗ Excimer, Mercury-Vapor, and Light-Emitting-Diode (LED) Sources," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 87, no. 22, 2021, doi: 10.1128/AEM.01532-21.

M. Ploydaeng, N. Rajatanavin, and P. Rattanakaemakorn, "UV-C light: A powerful technique for inactivating microorganisms and the related side effects to the skin," Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 12–19, 2021, doi: 10.1111/phpp.12605.

A. K. Banaś, P. Zgłobicki, E. Kowalska, A. Bażant, D. Dziga, and W. Strzałka, “All you need is light. Photorepair of uv-induced pyrimidine dimers," Genes (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 1–17, 2020, doi: 10.3390/genes11111304.

K. Pullerits et al., "Impact of UV irradiation at full scale on bacterial communities in drinking water," npj Clean Water, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41545-020-0057-7.

M. Buonanno, D. Welch, I. Shuryak, and D. J. Brenner, "Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses," Sci. Rep., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020, doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67211-2.

D. Mackenzie, "Ultraviolet light fights new virus," Engineering, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 851–853, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.009.

J. L. Cadnum, B. S. Pearlmutter, S. N. Redmond, A. L. Jencson, K. J. Benner, and C. J. Donskey, "Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) monitoring made simple: Colorimetric indicators to assess delivery of UV-C light by room decontamination devices," Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 306–311, 2022, doi: 10.1017/ice.2021.113.

M. Bentancor and S. Vidal, "Programmable and low-cost ultraviolet room disinfection device," HardwareX, vol. 4, no. e00046, pp. 1–13, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2018.e00046.

J. Stec and A. Lenart-Boroń, "Assessment of microbiological aerosol concentration in selected healthcare facilities in Southern Poland," Cent. Eur. J. Public Health, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 239–244, 2019, doi: 10.21101/cejph.a5681.

Y. Li et al., “A Study on the Decontaminated Efficiency of Ultraviolet Device on the Indoor Airborne Bacteria,†Procedia Eng., vol. 205, pp. 1376–1380, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.281.

M. Lindblad, E. Tano, C. Lindahl, and F. Huss, "Ultraviolet-C decontamination of a hospital room: Amount of UV light needed," Burns, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 842–849, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.10.004.

A. S. Jureka, C. G. Williams, and C. F. Basler, "Pulsed broad-spectrum uv light effectively inactivates sars-cov-2 on multiple surfaces and n95 material," Viruses, vol. 13, no. 3, 2021, doi: 10.3390/v13030460.

H. Zhang, X. Jin, S. S. Nunayon, and A. C. K. Lai, "Disinfection by in-duct ultraviolet lamps under different environmental conditions in turbulent airflows," Indoor Air, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 500–511, 2020, doi: 10.1111/ina.12642.

M. M. Monyethabeng and M. Krügel, "The effect of UV-C treatment on various spoilage microorganisms inoculated into Rooibos iced tea," LWT - Food Sci. Technol., vol. 73, pp. 419–424, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.06.045.

K. Narita et al., "Ultraviolet C light with wavelength of 222 nm inactivates a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens," J. Hosp. Infect., vol. 105, no. 3, pp. 459–467, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.030.

V. K. Yadav, P. Awasthi, and A. Kumar, "Detection of UV-induced thymine dimers," in Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods and protocols, 2nd ed., A. Dhawan and M. Bajpayee, Eds. New York: Humana Press, 2019, pp. 313–322.

W. Taylor et al., "DNA damage kills bacterial spores and cells exposed to 222-Nanometer UV radiation," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 86, no. 8, pp. 1–14, 2020, doi: 10.1128/AEM.03039-19.

E. A. Nardell, "Air Disinfection for Airborne Infection Control with a Focus on COVID-19: Why Germicidal UV is Essential†," Photochem. Photobiol., vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 493–497, 2021, doi: 10.1111/php.13421.

A. A. A. Hameed, A. M. Ayesh, M. A. Razik, and H. F. A. Mawla, "Ultraviolet radiation as a controlling and mutating agent of environmental fungi," Manag. Environ. Qual. An Int. J., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 53–63, 2012, doi: 10.1108/14777831311291131.

H. J. Wong, N. Mohamad-Fauzi, M. Rizman-Idid, P. Convey, and S. A. Alias, "Protective mechanisms and responses of micro-fungi towards ultraviolet-induced cellular damage," Polar Sci., vol. 20, pp. 19–34, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.polar.2018.10.001.

F. Memarzadeh, "A Review of Recent Evidence for Utilizing Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology to Disinfect Both Indoor Air and Surfaces," Appl. Biosaf., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 52–56, 2021, doi: 10.1089/apb.20.0056.

G. Katara, N. Hemvani, S. Chitnis, V. Chitnis, and D. Chitnis, "Surface Disinfection By Exposure To Germicidal Uv Light," Indian J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 241–242, 2008, doi: 10.1016/s0255-0857(21)01870-3.

P. Li, J. A. Koziel, J. J. Zimmerman, W. S. Jenks, T.-Y. Cheng, and D. J. Holtkamp, "Basics of ultraviolet C (UV-C) light: considerations for use at livestock production facilities," in Proceedings of Anual International ASABE Meeting Presentation, 2021, Iowa, USA, July 12-16, 2021, 2021, no. 776, pp. 1–6, doi: 10.13031/aim.202100154.

D. T. Neu et al., “Surface Dosimetry of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Using a Colorimetric Technique,†Ann. Work Expo. Heal., vol. 65, no. 5, pp. 605–611, 2021, doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa147.

M. Lualdi et al., "Ultraviolet C lamps for disinfection of surfaces potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 in critical hospital settings: examples of their use and some practical advice," BMC Infect. Dis., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2021, doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06310-5.

E. K. Paleologos and F. M. Howari, "Indoor air quality: pollutants, health effects, and regulations," in Pollution Assessment for Sustainable Practices in Applied Sciences and Engineering, A. . Mohamed, E. K. Paleologos, and F. M. Howari, Eds. Cambridge: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2021, pp. 405–489.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.13.1.17474

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development