A Simple and Cost-Effective Physical Distancing Violation Detector Using a Rotating Time of Flight Lidar

Dwi Hanto, Hendra Adinanta, - Suryadi, Rini Khamimatul Ula, Mefina Yulias Rofianingrum, Imam Mulyanto, Bambang Widiyatmoko, Edi Kurniawan

Abstract


In this work, a simple and cost-effective physical distancing violation detector using a commercial lidar has been developed. Our system comprises time of flight (ToF) lidar, mounted a stepper motor to rotate ToF Lidar and range an object on the top. We control a rotation of the stepper motor, record the distance between the object and the ToF Lidar by using a microcontroller, and analyze the measuring data using a computer program. This system can also indirectly estimate the distance between two objects by applying a simple vector operation. This paper successfully detects and evaluates the distance between two dummy objects placed with various configurations. We obtained the estimated distances using our proposed method nearly equal to the actual distances measured manually. In addition, our system has been tested to measure the physical distances among people with three volunteers who stood 200 cm and 80 cm distances in an indoor environment. The experiment results show that the distance between volunteer 1 and volunteer 2 is 186.5 cm and the distance between volunteer 2 and volunteer 3 is 73.0 cm. These indicate our system could provide information whether a safe distance or a risk distance. This research work can help the authorities provide an instrument for reducing contagious diseases, especially COVID-19 pandemic outbreaks, by installing at a fixed location or in portable instrument services.

Keywords


Lidar; physical distancing; pandemic.

Full Text:

PDF

References


World Health Organization, “WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic,†Mar. 12, 2020. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic (accessed Mar. 13, 2022).

WHO, “Coronavirus disease (COVID- 19): How is it transmitted?,†2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-how-is-it-transmitted. [Accessed: 21-Jan-2020].

IDSA, “Physical Distancing,†2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.idsociety.org/covid-19-real-time-learning-network/infection-prevention/physical-distancing/. [Accessed: 21-Jan-2020].

WHO, “COVID-19: physical distancing,†2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/physical-distancing#:~:text=Physical distancing helps limit the,Protect yourself and others. [Accessed: 21-Jan-2021].

D. K. Chu et al., “Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 : a systematic review and meta-analysis,†Lancet, vol. 395, no. June, pp. 1973–1987, 2020.

N. M. Ferguson, D. Laydon, G. Nedjati-gilani, N. Imai, K. Ainslie, and M. Baguelin, “Report 9 : Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions ( NPIs ) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand,†2020.

M. W. Fong et al., “Nonpharmaceutical Measures for Pandemic Influenza in Nonhealthcare Settings — Social Distancing Measures,†Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 976–984, 2020.

E. Arulprakash and M. Aruldoss, “A Study on Fight Against COVID 19 from Latest Technological Intervention,†SN Comput. Sci., vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 1–3, 2020.

M. Cristani, A. Del Bue, V. Murino, F. Setti, and A. Vinciarelli, “The visual social distancing problem,†IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 126876–126886, 2020.

S. Suryadi, E. Kurniawan, H. Adinanta, B. H. Sirenden, J. A. Prakosa, and P. Purwowibowo, “On the Comparison of Social Distancing Violation Detectors with Graphical Processing Unit Support,†in Proceeding - 2020 International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications, ICRAMET 2020, 2020, pp. 337–342.

H. Adinanta, E. Kurniawan, Suryadi, and J. A. Prakosa, “Physical Distancing Monitoring with Background Subtraction Methods,†in Proceeding - 2020 International Conference on Radar, Antenna, Microwave, Electronics and Telecommunications, ICRAMET 2020, 2020, pp. 45–50.

S. Bian, B. Zhou, and P. Lukowicz, “Social distance monitor with a wearable magnetic field proximity sensor,†Sensors, vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 1–26, 2020.

G. M. Williams, “Optimization of eyesafe avalanche photodiode lidar for automobile safety and autonomous navigation systems,†Opt. Eng., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2017.

S. Royo and M. Ballesta-Garcia, “An overview of lidar imaging systems for autonomous vehicles,†Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 19, pp. 1–37, 2019.

C. Li, Q. Chen, G. Gu, and W. Qian, “Laser time-of-flight measurement based on time-delay estimation and fitting correction,†Opt. Eng., vol. 52, no. 7, p. 076105, 2013.

C. Rablau, “LIDAR - A new (self-driving) vehicle for introducing optics to broader engineering and non-engineering audiences,†in Proc of SPIE, 2019, vol. 11143, no. July 2019, pp. 1–14.

I.-G. Jang, S.-H. Lee, and Y.-H. Park, “A parallel-phase demodulation-based distance-measurement method using dual-frequency modulation,†Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2020.

D. Bronzi, Y. Zou, F. Villa, S. Tisa, A. Tosi, and F. Zappa, “Automotive Three-Dimensional Vision Through a Single-Photon Counting SPAD Camera,†IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 782–795, 2016.

T. Fersch, R. Weigel, and A. Koelpin, “A CDMA Modulation Technique for Automotive Time-of-Flight LiDAR Systems,†IEEE Sens. J., vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 3507–3516, 2017.

A. Ronchini Ximenes, P. Padmanabhan, M. J. Lee, Y. Yamashita, D. N. Yaung, and E. Charbon, “A Modular, Direct Time-of-Flight Depth Sensor in 45/65-nm 3-D-Stacked CMOS Technology,†IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 3203–3214, 2019.

A. Tontini, L. Gasparini, and M. Perenzoni, “Numerical model of spad-based direct time-of-flight flash lidar CMOS image sensors,†Sensors, vol. 20, no. 18, pp. 1–19, 2020.

P. Padmanabhan, C. Zhang, and E. Charbon, “Modeling and Analysis of a Direct Time-of-Flight Sensor Architecture for LiDAR Applications,†Sensors, vol. 19, no. 5464, pp. 1–27, 2019.

J. Jang, S. Hwnag, and K. Park, “Design of Indirect Time-of-Flight Based Lidar for Precise Three-Dimensional Measurement Under Various Reflection Conditions,†in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Sensor Device Technologies and Applications Design, 2013, pp. 25–29.

J.-H. P. Sung-Woo Lee, Haesoo Jeong, Seoung-Ki Lee, Young-Kweon Kim, “LIDAR system using indirect time of flight method and MEMS scanner for distance measurement,†in 2016 International Conference on Optical Mems and Nanophotonics (OMN), 2016, pp. 31–32.

S. H. Chung, S. W. Lee, S. K. Lee, and J. H. Park, “LIDAR system with electromagnetic two-axis scanning micromirror based on indirect time-of-flight method,†Micro Nano Syst. Lett., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 4–8, 2019.

S. Bellisai, F. Villa, S. Tisa, D. Bronzi, and F. Zappa, “Indirect time-of-flight 3D ranging based on SPADs,†in Proceedings of SPIE, 2012, vol. 8268, pp. 1–8.

M. M. Bayer, R. Torun, I. U. Zaman, and O. Boyraz, “Multi-tone continuous wave lidar in simultaneous ranging and velocimetry,†Opt. Express, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 17241–17252, 2020.

T. Raj, F. H. Hashim, A. B. Huddin, M. F. Ibrahim, and A. Hussain, “A survey on LiDAR scanning mechanisms,†Electronics, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1–25, 2020.

Benewake, “Product Manual of TFmini,†Beijing, 2018.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.12.3.15444

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development