Wood Veneer Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose: Tensile Strength and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis

Ananto Nugroho, - Triastuti, Sandi Sufiandi, Anne Zulfia Syahrial

Abstract


Cellulose from plants is a natural polymer that is very abundant, cheap and easy to process. In addition, there is bacterial cellulose produced from bacterial fermentation of acetic acid with limited production but has high purity, crystallinity, and tensile strength. In this research, the process of wood-veneer delignification was carried out to self-assembly bacterial cellulose into wood cavities on bacterial culture media. Wood veneer reinforced bacteria cellulose was given heat pressure to increase the density and it was expected to form hydrogen bonds between their cellulose molecular chains. This study observed the duration of fermentation in bacterial media culture on the tensile strength of hybrid veneers, microscopic observations, the effect of water on set-recovery, and the characteristics of solid veneers on cyclic loading and temperature using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing. The microscopic observations prove that Acetobacter xylinum can penetrate the veneer and assemble bacterial cellulose in the cavity. A higher tensile strength ratio of 81.38% was observed in densified veneers with a five-day fermentation period with a modulus of elasticity 156.63% higher than natural veneers. The minimum set-recovery after boiling the hybrid veneer was 29.32%. DMA showed that by reinforcing wood veneer with bacterial cellulose and compacting, it increased cyclic energy storage ability, reduced energy loss, and increased stability under increasing temperatures. Strengthening wood with bacterial cellulose in this method opens new potential for developing more environmentally friendly forest products in the future.

Keywords


Delignification; cellulose; bacterial; densified; veneer; hydrogen bonds; tensile strength.

Full Text:

PDF

References


D. S. Adi, S. K. Himmi, Sudarmanto, Y. Amin, T. Darmawan, and W. Dwianto, “Radial variation of wood properties of eight years-old fast-growing teak (Tectona grandis - Platinum teak wood),” in IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2020, vol. 591, no. 1.

D. S. Adi et al., “Evaluation of the Wood Quality of Platinum Teak Wood,” Teknol. Indones., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 36–44, 2016.

J. Shi, J. Peng, Q. Huang, L. Cai, and S. Q. Shi, “Fabrication of densified wood via synergy of chemical pretreatment, hot-pressing and post mechanical fixation,” J. Wood Sci., vol. 66, no. 1, 2020.

J. Song et al., “Processing bulk natural wood into a high-performance structural material,” Nature, vol. 554, no. 7691, pp. 224–228, 2018.

X. Han, Y. Ye, F. Lam, J. Pu, and F. Jiang, “Hydrogen-bonding-induced assembly of aligned cellulose nanofibers into ultrastrong and tough bulk materials,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 7, no. 47, pp. 27023–27031, 2019.

E. A. Salca, P. Bekhta, and Y. Seblii, “The effect of veneer densification temperature and wood species on the plywood properties made from alternate layers of densified and non-densified veneers,” Forests, vol. 11, no. 6, 2020.

K. Qiu and A. Netravali, “In situ produced bacterial cellulose nanofiber-based hybrids for nanocomposites,” Fibers, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 11–13, 2017.

H. Abral, A. Hartono, F. Hafizulhaq, D. Handayani, E. Sugiarti, and O. Pradipta, “Characterization of PVA/cassava starch biocomposites fabricated with and without sonication using bacterial cellulose fiber loadings,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 206, pp. 593–601, 2019.

M. A. Naeem, Q. Siddiqui, M. Mushtaq, A. Farooq, Z. Pang, and Q. Wei, “Insitu Self-Assembly of Bacterial Cellulose on Banana Fibers Extracted from Peels,” J. Nat. Fibers, vol. 00, no. 00, pp. 1–12, 2019.

K. Potivara and M. Phisalaphong, “Development and characterization of bacterial cellulose reinforced with natural rubber,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 12, no. 14, 2019.

T. Tabarsa, S. Sheykhnazari, A. Ashori, M. Mashkour, and A. Khazaeian, “Preparation and characterization of reinforced papers using nano bacterial cellulose,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 101, pp. 334–340, 2017.

M. Bao, X. Huang, M. Jiang, W. Yu, and Y. Yu, “Effect of thermo-hydro-mechanical densification on microstructure and properties of poplar wood (Populus tomentosa),” J. Wood Sci., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 591–605, 2017.

M. Báder and R. Németh, “Spring-back of Wood after Longitudinal Compression,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 505, no. 1, 2020.

S. N. Kane, A. Mishra, and A. K. Dutta, “Activation energy determination in multi-frequency dynamic molecular interaction analysis of PEG 4000-Cristobalite composites using DMA,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 755, no. 817, 2017.

S. Wang et al., “Super-Strong, Super-Stiff Macrofibers with Aligned, Long Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers,” Adv. Mater., vol. 29, no. 35, pp. 1–8, 2017.

N. Hendrianie, S. N. Putri, and Y. I. Satria, “The effect of legen treatment on fermentation process in production of nata de legen,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1053, no. 1, p. 012037, 2021.

A. Nugroho, I. Hidayat, A. Z. Syahrial, and S. Sufiandi, “The Effect of Bacterial Cellulose on the Thermo Hydro-Mechanical Treatment of Wood Veneer,” in Key Engineering Materials, 2021, vol. 880, pp. 109–115.

R. Datta, “Acidogenic fermentation of lignocellulose–acid yield and conversion of components,” Biotechnol. Bioeng., vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 2167–2170, 1981.

“ASTM D3039/D3039M,” Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.

A. Darwis, I. Wahyudi, W. Dwianto, and T. D. Cahyono, “Densified wood anatomical structure and the effect of heat treatment on the recovery of set,” J. Indian Acad. Wood Sci., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 24–31, 2017.

M. Noureddine, “Study of composite-based natural fibers and renewable polymers, using bacteria to ameliorate the fiber/matrix interface,” J. Compos. Mater., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 455–461, 2019.

E. Meng et al., “Bioapplications of bacterial cellulose polymers conjugated with resveratrol for epithelial defect regeneration,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 6, 2019.

M. Wu et al., “Valorizing kitchen waste through bacterial cellulose production towards a more sustainable biorefinery,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 695, p. 133898, 2019.

H. Abral et al., “Characterization of compressed bacterial cellulose nanopaper film after exposure to dry and humid conditions,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 11, pp. 896–904, 2021.

D. Zhao et al., “Exploring structural variations of hydrogen-bonding patterns in cellulose during mechanical pulp refining of tobacco stems,” Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 204, pp. 247–254, 2019.

A. F. S. Costa, F. C. G. Almeida, G. M. Vinhas, and L. A. Sarubbo, “Production of bacterial cellulose by Gluconacetobacter hansenii using corn steep liquor as nutrient sources,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 8, no. OCT, pp. 1–12, 2017.

W. Dwianto, M. Norimoto, T. Morooka, F. Tanaka, M. Inoue, and Y. Liu, “Radial compression of sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonico D. Don),” Holz als Roh - und Werkst., vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 403–411, 1998.

M. Nagamadhu, S. Vijay Kumar, S. Ravi Kumar, R. Suraj, and G. C. Mohan Kumar, “Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Thermal Stability of Neem Wood Veneer Plastic Composites,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 24, pp. 2265–2273, 2019.

A. Hazarika, M. Mandal, and T. K. Maji, “Dynamic mechanical analysis, biodegradability and thermal stability of wood polymer nanocomposites,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 60, pp. 568–576, 2014.

H. Hosseini, M. Kokabi, and S. M. Mousavi, “Dynamic mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose nanofibres,” Iran. Polym. J. (English Ed., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 433–443, 2018.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.12.1.15139

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development