Performances Study of Natural and Conventional Building Insulation Materials

Gokhan Yildiz, Benjamin Duraković, Ali Abd Almisreb

Abstract


This research aims to investigate the performances of thermal insulation materials using a comparative analysis. Particularly, the performances of natural insulation materials are compared with performances of non-renewables (petrochemical and inorganic), such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, global warming potential, and cost. In the past twenty years, the interest for the research on building energy demand reduction has been increased rapidly. Buildings were identified as a significant contributor to global energy consumption and global warming through the heating and air-conditioning systems. The literature observed that building energy demand takes up to 40% of the global energy consumption. Trends in addressing this issue are based on better thermal insulation of building envelope or using more energy-efficient materials. To carry out this research, the data were collected based on published research and comparatively analyzed. It was found that natural insulation materials have a significantly lower impact on global warming, longer useful lifetime, competitive thermal properties, better fire resistance, and favorable cost. Future trends and developments in reducing building energy demand would rely on sustainability. Sustainability is based on renewable natural resources, including renewable insulation materials, but if combined with significant participation of PCMs for latent heat energy storage, it will provide much better results. To get sustainable technologies applicable in full scale in the future, the overall problem has to be investigated, including user training and addressing the future workforce's challenges.

Keywords


Renewable insulation materials; performance analysis; energy storage.

Full Text:

PDF

References


“Breakdown of Electricity Generation by Energy Source | The Shift Project Data Portal.†[Online]. Available: http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/Breakdown-of-Electricity-Generation-by-Energy-Source#tspQvChart. [Accessed: 12-Feb-2020].

“World Coal Association. Coal Statistics.†[Online]. Available: http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics. [Accessed: 12-Sep-2019].

E. Moretti, E. Belloni, and F. Agosti, “Innovative mineral fiber insulation panels for buildings: Thermal and acoustic characterization,†Appl. Energy, vol. 169, pp. 421–432, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.048.

H. Benkreira, A. Khan, and K. V. Horoshenkov, “Sustainable acoustic and thermal insulation materials from elastomeric waste residues,†Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 66, no. 18, pp. 4157–4171, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.05.047.

K. G. M. Saidi Hassani Alaoui, “Numerical and Mathematical modeling of dynamic thermal behavior of building,†J. Mater. Environ. Sci. , vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1428–1433, 2017.

N. Farhat and Z. Inal, “Solar thermal energy storage solutions for building application: State of the art,†Herit. Sustain. Dev. ISSN 2712-0554, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–13, Jun. 2019.

E. Örnek, “Sustainable characteristics of the vernacular house and its impact to the building physics,†Herit. Sustain. Dev. ISSN 2712-0554, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 14–20, Jun. 2019.

B. Durakovic and M. Torlak, “Simulation and experimental validation of phase change material and water used as heat storage medium in window applications,†J. Mater. Environ. Sci., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1837–1846, 2017.

A. Ghaffarianhoseini, N. D. Dahlan, U. Berardi, A. Ghaffarianhoseini, N. Makaremi, and M. Ghaffarianhoseini, “Sustainable energy performances of green buildings: A review of current theories, implementations and challenges,†Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 25. Pergamon, pp. 1–17, 01-Sep-2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.010.

B. Durakovic, “Design of Experiments Application, Concepts, Examples: State of the Art,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., 2018.

F. Asdrubali, A. L. Pisello, F. D’Alessandro, F. Bianchi, M. Cornicchia, and C. Fabiani, “Innovative cardboard based panels with recycled materials from the packaging industry: Thermal and acoustic performance analysis,†in Energy Procedia, 2015, vol. 78, pp. 321–326, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.652.

F. Ardente, M. Beccali, M. Cellura, and M. Mistretta, “Building energy performance: A LCA case study of kenaf-fibres insulation board,†Energy Build., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.12.009.

M. Halilovic and M. Alibegovic, “Potential of air quality improvements in Sarajevo using innovative architecture approach,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 128–135, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.21533/pen.v5i2.89.

A. Krdžalić and L. Hodžić, “Sustainable engineering challenges towards Industry 4.0: A comprehensive review,†Sustain. Eng. Innov. ISSN 2712-0562, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–23, Jun. 2019.

S. H. Hussein, Z. R. Abdulla, and N. M. Daood, “Urban regeneration through post-war reconstruction: Reclaiming the urban identity of the old city of Mosul,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 294–301, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.21533/pen.v7i1.331.

N. Pargana, M. D. Pinheiro, J. D. Silvestre, and J. De Brito, “Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of thermal insulation materials of buildings,†Energy Build., vol. 82, pp. 466–481, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.057.

M. Volf, J. Diviš, and F. Havlík, “Thermal, moisture and biological behaviour of natural insulating materials,†in Energy Procedia, 2015, vol. 78, pp. 1599–1604, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.219.

S. Mounir, A. Khabbazi, A. Khaldoun, Y. Maaloufa, and Y. El Hamdouni, “Thermal inertia and thermal properties of the composite material clay-wool,†Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 19, pp. 191–199, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2015.07.018.

X. G. Casals, “Analysis of building energy regulation and certification in Europe: Their role, limitations and differences,†Energy Build., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 381–392, May 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2005.05.004.

P. Najifar and C. Kurtay, “Harvesting feasibility of rain water in buildings,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 144–152, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.21533/pen.v6i1.197.

S. Schiavoni, F. D’Alessandro, F. Bianchi, and F. Asdrubali, “Insulation materials for the building sector: A review and comparative analysis,†Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 62. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 988–1011, 01-Sep-2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.045.

S. Lehner, “European fire classification of construction products, new test method ‘SBI’, and introduction of the European classification system into German building regulations,†Otto-Graf-Journal, vol. 16, 2005.

S. Kowatsch, “Mineral wool insulation binders,†in Phenolic Resins: A Century of Progress, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 209–242.

M. J. Duijve, “Comparative assessment of insulating materials on technical,environmental and health aspects for application in buildingrenovation to the Passive house level,†Dec. 2012.

B. P. Jelle, “Traditional, state-of-the-art and future thermal building insulation materials and solutions - Properties, requirements and possibilities,†Energy and Buildings, vol. 43, no. 10. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 2549–2563, 01-Oct-2011, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.015.

D. A. L. Silva, F. A. R. Lahr, L. D. Varanda, A. L. Christoforo, and A. R. Ometto, “Environmental performance assessment of the melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin manufacture: A case study in Brazil,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 96, pp. 299–307, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.007.

B. Berge, The ecology of building materials. Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2009.

B. Duraković, “Conclusion,†in PCM-Based Building Envelope Systems, Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 183–190.

M. Durakovic, B, Yıldız, G, Yahia, “Comparative performance evaluation of conventional and renewable thermal insulation materials used in building envelops,†Teh. Vjesn. - Tech. Gaz., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 283–289, Feb. 2020.

P. Ricciardi, E. Belloni, and F. Cotana, “Innovative panels with recycled materials: Thermal and acoustic performance and Life Cycle Assessment,†Appl. Energy, vol. 134, pp. 150–162, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.112.

B. Duraković, “PCMs in Building Structure,†in PCM-Based Building Envelope Systems: Innovative Energy Solutions for Passive Design, Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 63–87.

X. Su, Z. Luo, Y. Li, and C. Huang, “Life cycle inventory comparison of different building insulation materials and uncertainty analysis,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 112, pp. 275–281, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.113.

B. Duraković and S. Mešetović, “Thermal performances of glazed energy storage systems with various storage materials: An experimental study,†Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 45, pp. 422–430, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.003.

B. Duraković, “PCM-Based Glazing Systems and Components,†in PCM-Based Building Envelope Systems: Innovative Energy Solutions for Passive Design., Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 89–119.

L. Aditya et al., “A review on insulation materials for energy conservation in buildings,†Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 73, pp. 1352–1365, Jun. 2017, doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2017.02.034.

B. Durakovic, “Application of phase change materials in glazing and shading systems: Issues, trends and developments,†in 3rd International Engineering Research Symposium INERS’19, 2019, pp. 688–699, doi: http://umas.duzce.edu.tr/.

N. H. N. Do et al., “Heat and sound insulation applications of pineapple aerogels from pineapple waste,†Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 242, p. 122267, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122267.

N. Lolli and I. Andresen, “Aerogel vs. argon insulation in windows: A greenhouse gas emissions analysis,†Build. Environ., vol. 101, pp. 64–76, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.03.001.

P. K. S. Rathore and S. K. Shukla, “Potential of macroencapsulated pcm for thermal energy storage in buildings: A comprehensive review,†Construction and Building Materials, vol. 225. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 723–744, 20-Nov-2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.221.

M. Gonçalves, N. Simões, C. Serra, and I. Flores-Colen, “A review of the challenges posed by the use of vacuum panels in external insulation finishing systems,†Applied Energy, vol. 257. Elsevier Ltd, p. 114028, 01-Jan-2020, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114028.

H. F. Gangåssæter, B. P. Jelle, S. A. Mofid, and T. Gao, “Air-Filled Nanopore Based High-Performance Thermal Insulation Materials,†in Energy Procedia, 2017, vol. 132, pp. 231–236, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.760.

B. Petter Jelle, “Nano-based thermal insulation for energy-efficient buildings,†in Start-Up Creation: The Smart Eco-Efficient Built Environment, Elsevier Inc., 2016, pp. 129–181.

S. J. M. Koenders, R. C. G. M. Loonen, and J. L. M. Hensen, “Investigating the potential of a closed-loop dynamic insulation system for opaque building elements,†Energy Build., vol. 173, pp. 409–427, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.051.

S. Rupp and M. Krarti, “Analysis of multi-step control strategies for dynamic insulation systems,†Energy Build., vol. 204, p. 109459, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109459.

B. Duraković, “PCMs in Separate Heat Storage Modules,†in PCM-Based Building Envelope Systems: Innovative Energy Solutions for Passive Design., Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 121–146.

R. Baetens et al., “Vacuum insulation panels for building applications: A review and beyond,†Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. 147–172, 01-Feb-2010, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.09.005.

P. Karami, N. Al-Ayish, and K. Gudmundsson, “A comparative study of the environmental impact of Swedish residential buildings with vacuum insulation panels,†Energy Build., vol. 109, pp. 183–194, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.031.

M. Faraji, “Numerical study of the thermal behavior of a novel Composite PCM/concrete wall,†in Energy Procedia, 2017, vol. 139, pp. 105–110, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.181.

A. Figueiredo, J. Lapa, R. Vicente, and C. Cardoso, “Mechanical and thermal characterization of concrete with incorporation of microencapsulated PCM for applications in thermally activated slabs,†Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 112, pp. 639–647, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.225.

C. Hasse, M. Grenet, A. Bontemps, R. Dendievel, and H. Sallée, “Realization, test and modelling of honeycomb wallboards containing a Phase Change Material,†Energy Build., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 232–238, Jan. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.017.

B. Chhugani, F. Klinker, H. Weinlaeder, and M. Reim, “Energetic performance of two different PCM wallboards and their regeneration behavior in office rooms,†in Energy Procedia, 2017, vol. 122, pp. 625–630, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.360.

F. Kuznik, J. Virgone, and J. J. Roux, “Energetic efficiency of room wall containing PCM wallboard: A full-scale experimental investigation,†Energy Build., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 148–156, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2007.01.022.

P. Thantong and P. Chantawong, “Experimental study of a solar wall collector with PCM towards the natural ventilation of model house,†in Energy Procedia, 2017, vol. 138, pp. 32–37, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.041.

A. Karaipekli and A. Sari, “Development and thermal performance of pumice/organic PCM/gypsum composite plasters for thermal energy storage in buildings,†Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, vol. 149, pp. 19–28, May 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2015.12.034.

M. T. Benjamin Durakovic, “Experimental and numerical study of a PCM window model as a thermal energy storage unit,†Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol., 2019, doi: 10.1093/ijlct/ctw024.

E. Kucukpinar et al., “Development of transparent and opaque vacuum insulation panels for energy efficient buildings,†in Energy Procedia, 2015, vol. 78, pp. 412–417, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.685.

F. Isaia, S. Fantucci, A. Capozzoli, and M. Perino, “Vacuum insulation panels: Thermal bridging effects and energy performance in real building applications,†in Energy Procedia, 2015, vol. 83, pp. 269–278, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.181.

F. E. Boafo, Z. Chen, C. Li, B. Li, and T. Xu, “Structure of vacuum insulation panel in building system,†Energy Build., vol. 85, pp. 644–653, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.06.055.

Z. Chen et al., “Preparation and characterization of vacuum insulation panels with super-stratified glass fiber core material,†Energy, vol. 93, pp. 945–954, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.105.

X. Zhang, X. Zhao, T. Xue, F. Yang, W. Fan, and T. Liu, “Bidirectional anisotropic polyimide/bacterial cellulose aerogels by freeze-drying for super-thermal insulation,†Chem. Eng. J., vol. 385, p. 123963, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123963.

E. Cuce, P. M. Cuce, C. J. Wood, and S. B. Riffat, “Optimizing insulation thickness and analysing environmental impacts of aerogel-based thermal superinsulation in buildings,†Energy Build., vol. 77, pp. 28–39, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.03.034.

G. Masera et al., “Development of a Super-insulating, Aerogel-based Textile Wallpaper for the Indoor Energy Retrofit of Existing Residential Buildings,†in Procedia Engineering, 2017, vol. 180, pp. 1139–1149, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.274.

Y. L. He and T. Xie, “Advances of thermal conductivity models of nanoscale silica aerogel insulation material,†Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 81. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 28–50, 25-Apr-2015, doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.02.013.

A. Rege, L. Ratke, İ. D. Külcü, and P. Gurikov, “Stiffening of biopolymer aerogel networks upon wetting: A model-based study,†J. Non. Cryst. Solids, vol. 531, p. 119859, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119859.

R. Baetens, B. P. Jelle, A. Gustavsen, and S. Grynning, “Gas-filled panels for building applications: A state-of-the-art review,†Energy and Buildings, vol. 42, no. 11. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1969–1975, 01-Nov-2010, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.06.019.

H. F. Gangåssæter, B. P. Jelle, and S. A. Mofid, “Synthesis of Silica-Based Nano Insulation Materials for Potential Application in Low-Energy or Zero Emission Buildings,†in Energy Procedia, 2017, vol. 122, pp. 949–954, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.435.

L. Moga and A. Bucur, “Nano insulation materials for application in nZEB,†in Procedia Manufacturing, 2018, vol. 22, pp. 309–316, doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.047.

S. M. Al-Masrani and K. M. Al-Obaidi, “Dynamic shading systems: A review of design parameters, platforms and evaluation strategies,†Automation in Construction, vol. 102. Elsevier B.V., pp. 195–216, 01-Jun-2019, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.01.014.

B. Durakovic, “Design for additive manufacturing: Benefits, trends and challenges,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 179–191, 2018, doi: 10.21533/pen.v6i2.224.

B. Duraković, “Passive Solar Heating/Cooling Strategies,†in PCM-Based Building Envelope Systems: Innovative Energy Solutions for Passive Design, Springer Nature, 2020, pp. 39–62.

M. S. Al-Homoud, “Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials,†Build. Environ., vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 353–366, Mar. 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.05.013.

G. Kirankumar, S. Saboor, S. S. Vali, D. Mahapatra, A. B. Talanki Puttaranga Setty, and K. H. Kim, “Thermal and cost analysis of various air filled double glazed reflective windows for energy efficient buildings,†J. Build. Eng., vol. 28, p. 101055, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101055.

S. Lu, B. Xu, and X. Tang, “Experimental study on double pipe PCM floor heating system under different operation strategies,†Renew. Energy, vol. 145, pp. 1280–1291, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.086.

T. Gao, L. I. C. Sandberg, and B. P. Jelle, “Nano insulation materials: Synthesis and life cycle assessment,†in Procedia CIRP, 2014, vol. 15, pp. 490–495, doi: 10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.041.

S. Mao, A. Kan, Z. Huang, and W. Zhu, “Prediction of thermal performance of vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) with micro-fiber core materials,†Mater. Today Commun., vol. 22, p. 100786, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2019.100786.

D. Tetlow et al., “Cellulosic-crystals as a fumed-silica substitute in vacuum insulated panel technology used in building construction and retrofit applications,†Energy Build., vol. 156, pp. 187–196, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.08.058.

J. Zach, J. Peterková, Z. Dufek, and T. SekavÄnik, “Development of vacuum insulating panels (VIP) with non-traditional core materials,†Energy Build., vol. 199, pp. 12–19, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.06.026.

H. Choi, V. G. Parale, T. Kim, Y.-S. Choi, J. Tae, and H.-H. Park, “Structural and mechanical properties of hybrid silica aerogel formed using triethoxy(1-phenylethenyl)silane,†Microporous Mesoporous Mater., p. 110092, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110092.

A. Tabernero, L. Baldino, A. Misol, S. Cardea, and E. M. M. del Valle, “Role of rheological properties on physical chitosan aerogels obtained by supercritical drying,†Carbohydr. Polym., vol. 233, p. 115850, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115850.

M. Rafiee, F. Nitzsche, J. Laliberte, S. Hind, F. Robitaille, and M. R. Labrosse, “Thermal properties of doubly reinforced fiberglass/epoxy composites with graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide and reduced-graphene oxide,†Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 164, pp. 1–9, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.051.

H. Akeiber et al., “A review on phase change material (PCM) for sustainable passive cooling in building envelopes,†Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 60. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1470–1497, 01-Jul-2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.036.

L. Boussaba, A. Foufa, S. Makhlouf, G. Lefebvre, and L. Royon, “Elaboration and properties of a composite bio-based PCM for an application in building envelopes,†Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 185, pp. 156–165, Oct. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.098.

Y. Zhou and S. Zheng, “Uncertainty study on thermal and energy performances of a deterministic parameters based optimal aerogel glazing system using machine-learning method,†Energy, vol. 193, p. 116718, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2019.116718.

Y. Zhou and S. Zheng, “Machine learning-based multi-objective optimisation of an aerogel glazing system using NSGA-II—study of modelling and application in the subtropical climate Hong Kong,†J. Clean. Prod., vol. 253, p. 119964, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119964.

Y. Zhou and S. Zheng, “Climate adaptive optimal design of an aerogel glazing system with the integration of a heuristic teaching-learning-based algorithm in machine learning-based optimization,†Renew. Energy, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.133.

B. Durakovic and M. Torlak, “Experimental and numerical study of a PCM window model as a thermal energy storage unit,†Int. J. Low-Carbon Technol., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 272–280, 2017.

S. M. Benjamin Durakovic, “Thermal Performances of Glazed Energy Storage Systems with Various Storage Materials: An Experimental study,†Sustain. Cities Soc., Feb. 2019.

B. Durakovic and M. Torlak, “Simulation and experimental validation of phase change material and water used as heat storage medium in window applications,†J. Mater. Environ. Sci. ISSN, 2017.

J. H. Park, J. Jeon, J. Lee, S. Wi, B. Y. Yun, and S. Kim, “Comparative analysis of the PCM application according to the building type as retrofit system,†Build. Environ., vol. 151, pp. 291–302, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.01.048.

H. S. Çinar, N. N. Parlak, and N. Yildiz Dönmez, “Climate friendly urban green areas: Roadside green spaces in Sakarya/Turkey,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 159–167, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.21533/pen.v6i2.204.

E. D. A. Al-Zubaidi, A. H. Yas, and H. F. Abbas, “Guess the time of implementation of residential construction projects using neural networks ANN,†Period. Eng. Nat. Sci., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1218–1227, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.21533/pen.v7i3.680.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.11.4.11139

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Published by INSIGHT - Indonesian Society for Knowledge and Human Development