Data Transmission Unit and Web Server Interaction to Monitor Water Distribution: A Cyber-Physical System Perspective

— Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is the concept of converging physical devices with cyber systems, CPS shares environmental information globally and improves resource utilization. The major aim of our work is to use the CPS technology to overcome improper handling and care of water supply infrastructure. Our experimental water pipileing infrastructure test bed set up at National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal (NITK), India includes analysis of water distribution in three storage tanks using minimal wireless communication technology. This requires monitoring and wireless networking of the monitored data. In order to obtain water usage of each storage tanks, we have proposed low cost customization of water pipeline infrastructure. Monitoring unit (MU) includes 865-867Mhz RF module. In this paper, we deal with the networking part of CPS to perform water monitoring distribution in each storage tanks. Networking of CPS includes communication between Data transfer unit (DTU) and Aggregator unit (AU) used in the MU and also communication between DTU and web server unit (WS). Communication between DTU and AU involves analyzing the amount of water flow in the Inlet and Outlet of storage tanks in the campus. The WS unit contains resultant data of water usage in each storage tanks. The extensive group of resultant data sets of water usage, obtained in each storage tanks, gives importance to data analytics. Initially, we came up with a small-scale experimental set up at NITK campus; which is then extended to large scale area. The waterflow rate graphs show average daily and monthly usage of water of each storage tank.


I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, water is considered as one of the valuable resources in INDIA, due to many reasons such as rapidly increasing population, pollution and lack of bulk water supply infrastructure. In INDIA as shown in Fig. 1, there is a huge scarcity of water resources to meet the basic needs of the population in India. A continuous supply of water is almost impossible. Even though a water service provider can manage demand for water using a system under continuous supply conditions, there is a minimum per capita demand for water for basic living needs. Supply and demand management is essential for the efficiency of a water service provider. Supply management denotes the activities that manage water on the supply end of a water service provider. Demand management denotes the activities used for the reduction of water usage by customers. The operation of water distribution service for continuous water supply is not effectively managed in India. Water supply provided is said to be continuous if water is delivered to every customer continuously in every day throughout the year, using an effective water distribution system [1].So in our experiment, we are customizing existing water pipeline infrastructure, in order to monitor water distribution to practice demand management. Storing water and preventing unbalanced water consumption are the major challenge in water management research. Effective steps need to be taken to control and reduce the water wastage from end users as well as from water resources. Undetected water leak in a pipe leads to huge water loss [2]. Thus, identifying the water leak in prior, by the aid of water management system decided improves balanced water utilization. For several years, water pipelines are deployed and maintained by human interventions, such as turning off or turning on valves of water pipes. It is known that the chance of water wastage is more because humans are prone to make mistakes. Thus, in this paper we come up with a water management system that monitors the water utilization in storage tanks, our experiment is done with available water pipeline infrastructure. By the help of this water monitoring system, water distribution can be tracked, and the amount of water consumed by the end user can be recorded. In our experiment set up, [3] customization of the existing water pipeline has been done to check up the water inflow and outflow details in storage tanks. In coming days, [4] [5] Cyber-physical system will become necessary to the human species, since wired control is bulky, uneconomical, requires large labor work and difficult to maintain. [6] Cyber-physical system, Internet of things and IPV6 envisages addressing every grain of sand on the surface of this planet with a unique ID. In this paper, we are considering the networking part of CPS to perform monitoring of water distribution system in storage tanks and discussing the communication between DTU and web server using minimal wireless technology.

A. Cyber Physical System
The term cyber-physical systems (CPS) was coined by Helen Gill at the National Science Foundation in the U.S. to refer to the integration of computation with physical processes [7]. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are engineered systems whose operations are controlled by a computing and communication core. The desired characteristics of a welldesigned CPS are a connected and coordinated distribution, robustness and responsiveness, adaptability, safety, and usability, with feedback loops including humans and the environment. This coordination between cyber and physical systems will be manifested from nano-scale to large-scale systems of systems [8].  Fig. 2 shows the simple structure of CPS [9]. Here, two platforms communicate with Physical plant through wireless devices like sensors, RF, and actuators and with each other through a network fabric. Platform B controls the physical plant via computation (sensor, RF, and actuators). Platform A makes additional measurements via computational (sensor, RF, and actuators) and sends the changes to Platform B through network fabric and controls the physical plant. So, it will be acting as a feedback control loop. [10].
Few of application of CPS include [11], [12] • Healthcare  [3]. The main advantage of this module is that with the help of serial data interface the module is suitable for adding wireless capability to any embedded devices. Other advantages include minimal power and provide reliability of data deliveries between devices. The main features of this device are [13]: •     3 shows the pictorial representation of monitoring unit which includes aggregator, DTU and web server. In each storage tank consists of MIU which includes water meter interfaced with a reed switch and an RF module to read water inflow and outflow details [3]. In the monitoring unit as shown in Fig. 4 is used to develop an automation solution that reads the water inflow and outflow parameters from each storage tank. Aggregator receives the water inflow and outflow parameters from each storage tank. An aggregator is interfaced to DTU with RS 232 port as shown in Fig 4. DTU is interfaced with an aggregator to read water inflow and outflow details and transmit the respective information to web server. Each storage tank will have one DTU, and DTU will collect information about water flow details from both inlet and outlet of the storage tank. For every 15 minutes, based on the water inflow and outflow details, DTU shall calculate the Water Pulse count for each Inlet ,Water Pulse count for each Outlet ,Total Pulse count for Inlet, Total Pulse count for Outlet, Net Volume of the storage tank. Finally, in ACE web [14], all the resulting information collected in DTU will be displayed.

3) Response Byte Stream Format:
DTU shall wait for the acknowledgment from the server after sending the message. The server sends either a SUCCESS or FAILURE message. The Response sent out by Web server shall be either Success or Failure as shown in Table V and Table VI

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The communication in the monitoring unit has been achieved successfully. The connection between DTU, aggregator and web server are working as needed. The request and response byte stream format for success and failure messages are communicated accurately between DTU and web server. Finally, we are able to display the water flow details from the inlet and outlet and also the net volume of the storage tank in the web server as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. With the available water flow data, we have the following strategies towards data analytics. In Fig. 5, we are monitoring the monthly usage in a single storage tank. In Fig.  6, we are monitoring the daily usage in a single storage tank. Since data analytics plays a significant role in computing and actuation part of CPS, We hope that these challenges and issues bring enough motivation for future discussions and interests of research work on CPS.

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The contents of this paper acknowledges the data interaction between Data Transmission Unit and web server. This paper has greatly deliberated on networking part of CPS. The extensive group of data sets obtained in each storage tanks gives importance to data analytics. Data analytics plays a major role which contributes for the promotion of CPS integration in campuses. The future work is planned towards CPS simulation by building data analytics model which ensures proper water management.
Thought focus, Bangalore, especially Naveen Kumar Panguluri, and Ravi Kumar who were responsible for the installation of all devices.